Brazilian Indian tribes in cultural conflict with white society
The case
Four thousand kilometers from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, in the middle of Amazonia, an Indian girl gave birth to a child in 2006 at the age of just nine. She had apparently been raped by a member of her tribe, the Apurina. The police searched for the perpetrator. The state Indian protection authority FUNAI and Amazonia’s most important Indian organization Coiab also got involved. Oil workers had found the girl severely weakened and emaciated, with a high fever, malaria and pneumonia, and immediately rushed her to hospital.
Ana Lucia Salazar, a doctor from the Coiab, Amazonia’s most important indigenous organization, said on inquiry that the girl had returned with the baby from the clinic to the village of the Apurina Indians. The charges against the alleged perpetrator had been withdrawn. “Because from the Indians‘ point of view, according to their everyday customs and traditions, no crime was committed here, although Brazilian criminal law clearly defines the offense as rape. The Indians don’t want to talk about it – but everyone in the village knows who the baby’s father is. Other tribes, such as the Yanomami, do the same – from the first menstruation, the girls are considered suitable for sex by the men and selected for it. The Indian women usually become pregnant at the age of ten or twelve and then live with someone.” However, abortions using certain herbal extracts are common if deemed appropriate.
The Discussion
This incident intensified a discussion that had been going on for some time. “In the tropical country itself, there are always voices calling publicly for such tribal traditions and practices to be banned on the basis of existing laws.” On the other hand: “Numerous human rights organizations, governments and European politicians specializing in human rights issues… are constantly campaigning for the recognition of cultural characteristics… The cultural identity, traditions and decisions of the tribes… should be respected without exception… This also applies to infanticide… They are joined by representatives of the Indians who, due to their social position, occupy an intermediary position between the tribal cultures and the modern state.”
Ana Lucia Salazar, a doctor from the indigenous organization Coiab, on the question of whether such early sex and pregnancy are not harmful to the health and personal development of girls: “Of course they are. From my professional point of view, I think it is very premature for a girl to be sexually active from the age of nine. But the Indians don’t see it that way, for them it’s not too early at all.”
Edgar Rodrigues from the Barè tribe, chief administrator of the Indian protection authority FUNAI in the state of Amazonas, argues similarly: “Sex at the age of eight or nine is certainly very early, abnormal and punishable for whites, but it is allowed in the Apurina culture… The law was created by the whites without listening to the Indians and respecting their culture…” Rodrigues believes that there should always be exceptional laws for Indians… „This should be discussed thoroughly.”
However, Brazil’s public and even government agencies had demanded that the national child protection statute should also apply to the Indians.
Sex with children common among Indian tribes
Representatives of the missionaries working in the Brazilian jungle also play a more mediating role than we might expect. Francisco Loebens works for the Indian Missionary Council CIMI of the Brazilian Bishops‘ Conference. According to the renowned Indian expert, it is common practice among Brazilian tribes for girls to be considered suitable for sexual intercourse and marriage after their first menstruation, even at the age of less than ten.“ Most tribes do not have the attitude that this is violence against a child. In the families concerned and among the girls themselves, this practice is not seen as an experience of suffering.” In fact, however, they are children.
Back to the girl who gave birth to a child at the age of nine. The Brazil correspondent Klaus Hart (whom we largely follow here) continues: In the settlement where this happened, “there were 23 men, but only three females, including the nine-year-old. One woman was married, the other was already very old – only the child was still unmarried, so to speak.” This explains a lot.
There is an extreme imbalance between male and female offspring. How does this come about? According to CIMI missionary Loebens, in tribes such as the Yanomami, macho fathers only accept the birth of a boy. It can happen that the wife gives birth to four girls in a row instead of the desired boy, and only the fifth birth results in a boy. All of the girls fall victim to infanticide.
Saulo Feitosa, Vice President of the Indian Mission Council, continues: “Until the 1970s, the tribes fought each other as warlike societies. Since the warrior is always a man, this created a situation in which the woman was devalued. However, this structure has been maintained in the tribes. As a result, we have a macho reality in which men are clearly privileged.”
Forced civilization by law
In 2007, MP Henrique Afonso introduced a bill in the Brazilian Congress against tribal child sexual abuse and infanticide. Afonso was a Presbyterian pastor and belonged to the then (and now again) ruling Workers‘ Party of head of state Lula da Silva. [NZZ 2009].
According to Afonso, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international agreements on the protection of life signed by Brazil should finally also apply to Indian children. Killing them just because they are girls and forced sex with Indian girls even under the age of ten are barbaric, shameful crimes. “In at least thirteen Indian tribes, hundreds of children are killed annually by poisoning, burial alive, arrows and other methods.”
As these were practices that were socially accepted among these tribes, this law did not provide for the Indians involved to be punished. Only white people who knew about the planned killings and did not intervene were to be punished. There were and still are many such whites. Even then, there were hardly any Indian villages without employees of the Funai state Indian protection authority, the Funasa health service, ethnologists, priests and missionaries.
Adriana Huber, a Swiss ethnologist, criticized the fact that under this law almost every ethnologist, missionary or official who has anything to do with indigenous people could be prosecuted and banned from the indigenous territories. Above all, however, children could have been taken away from their families against their will. According to Huber, who worked with the Suruahà on behalf of the Indian Missionary Council Cimi, infanticide was anything but one of the most urgent problems of Brazil’s indigenous peoples. Child mortality caused by imported diseases that could be treated – but were not treated – was a far greater problem.
According to Huber, the politician Henrique Afonso, a well-known representative of evangelical concerns in Congress, was less concerned with the individuals to be saved than with demonizing the indigenous cultures. In this way, the evangelicals wanted to legitimize forced missionary work by Christian evangelical missionaries, which was already prohibited under Brazil’s constitution
The newly introduced law would have additionally criminalized any person who did not inform the authorities of a possible impending infanticide, thus preventing them from taking the child in question.
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I do not know what happened to this bill introduced by Afonso. I have not been able to find anything on the Internet. Perhaps someone can give me a clue.
Either way, the custom of sexual intercourse with girls from their first menstruation, which is apparently widespread among Amazonian Indians, is likely to be superseded by progress, even if national and international cultural scientists have not backed such demands or have even fought against them. Their opposition probably concerned the way in which the new norms and values were to be introduced (by law, relatively suddenly and from above), rather than the norm itself.
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Sources:
Klaus Hart: Babymord in Deutschland und Brasilien – unterschiedliche Debatten. http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2008/02/25/babymord-in-deutschland-und-brasilien-unterschiedliche-debatten/
Klaus Hart: Kindermord, Euthanasie und Sex mit Kindern bei Indianerstämmen Brasiliens. In: Ostberliner Newsblog. Http://www.ostblog.de/2006/09/kindermord_euthanasie_und:sex.php (abgerufen 2009)
Klaus Hart: Kontroverse um den Infantizid bei Indianern in Brasilien. NZZ (Neue Zürcher Zeitung) 25.4.09 https://www.nzz.ch/kontroverse_um_den_infantizid_bei_indianern_in_brasilien-ld.561755
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https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kindermord-am-parana-100.html